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It enlisted the sapless upon elements of a renewable-intensive aptitude future and also the policy initiative that move be taken to encourag e alternate energy proposal. Introduction The bring in land trend is shifting towards the better future of human beings with the available options.There is a big leap towards the alternate energy sources from the traditional sources. We lay active see many an other(prenominal) numbers of reasons for that transition. sustainable development is the main agenda of many conventions now. To comply with these commitments, nations eat up to perpetrate efforts to restrict greenhouse gases and reduce pollutants. By using the fossil fuels it is not possible now. The alternate way to cope up with the present day need and the clean future climate is alternate energy. Primarily there are some important problems with the exiting fuel resources.1. The oil extraction came to saturation level. 2. The fossil fuels are getting fatigue in near future. 3. The present day usage of these fuels is showing alarming signs to the future generations. 4. There is good deal of pollution due to these whi ch is resulting in global warming. To resolve some the problems the alternate method is using of alternate energy. The alternate energy sources available to us are a. Wind energy b. solar energy c. Thermal energy d. Hydroelectric energy.Even though these are recognized as the alternate energy sources and can wipe out the existing problems they too contain their own advantages and disadvantages. Wind energy This is having enormous voltage and doesnt effect the pollution at all. But it depends upon the wind always and we ease up to take sympathize with of them in the large cyclones. Hydroelectric energy This depends on the body of water currents and pollution a locomote from it entrust be very less. But construction of dams forget be expensive and there needs to be enough black market of water. Geo thermal energyGeo thermal energy is produced by harnessing the heat available in the earth crust. whatever quantify hazardous minerals are extracted due to improper drilling and ev en chance of pollutants coming out is there. at once it is built it is self-sufficient. Solar energy The refinement one is the solar energy and there is large disceptation going on how to harness the solar energy? Solar energy is generally used for homework the production of electricity, heating and so forth solar energy is produced by trapping the sunshine into solar prison cells. This sunlight is again converted into electricity and it is stored in appropriate form.This also helps in heating water, heating get on and even air. Advantages It is the best form of renewable source. As the sun is permanent this source of energy is also permanent. There will be no pollution because there is no combustion of fuels. It can be used effectively for the purpose of heating and lighting. This is used more in heating pools, water tanks and saps. Disadvantages Solar energy is produced when sunlight is available and so there is no chance of production in the wickedness and even in cloudy d ays.The get toing up of solar effect stations is very expensive. The Americans can face a biggest challenge of the decades if fuel pump is stopped. The rise in the prices of energy resources has affected all the sectors from a farmer to an office worker, economically. A group of agricultural leaders intimately 2years ago coupled forces in a discussion for addressing this challenge. It was discussed that some of them had anticipated it as a future big issue. Some say that no one can imagine at that time of hurricanes disruptions of supply dramatic swings in the prices, etceteraThat Ag Energy Work Group after spending about six months in probing questions like the role that can be played by the farm sector, their amount of contribution, how to make the ag and forest sectors into leading energy producing sectors, and how to establish an energy alliance felt that the time for the ag companionship has come to get together. The Ag group was convinced terminally after extensive dial ogues that a key role could be played by the agriculture in helping the nation to move towards energy independence.They looked potential of energy from variety of the sources much(prenominal) as solar, wind, methane, biodiesel, etc. they were also convinced that farms, ranches, and forests of the America could be used for the fuels of new generation with a clean and green environment. Ethanol will be one of the best answers to the Americans oil addiction. Emergence of new technologies could make the dream come true. Greater steps have been taken in the manufacturing facilities of ethanol in the past decade that can help in real improvement in the capacity of the fuel source.Similarly the corn hybrids produced by the Seed companies, soy diesel, wind turbines, and methane digesters etc. are also developed and progressed. . Momentum of the 25x25 Work Group has expanded dramatically from its beginning two in its size and scopes and now it is approved by many states governors and sta te legislatures like Indiana, Pennsylvania, Montana, Colorado etc. Electric utilities The Electrical utilities helps in converting one form of energy into another. This energy is full of attraction of its cleanliness and assorted ness, and also it can be moved over large areas almost instantly.There is an increase in the collect for the electrical energy. In the electric power industry, are about 200 investor owned utilities constituting the major contributors generating about 78% of power that will be supplied to about 76% of customers. It is highly hood intensive, in the get together States it is the largest consumer of first energy consuming more than one-third of the total energy demand at the matter level but supplying only one-tenth of it. Now there are solar-powered refrigerators also which flora on 12-volt DC battery.In the 1970s, industrial growth period was ended due to the energy crisis, which led to the rising of the fuel prices subjecting to all the fossil fuels and the s wiped out(p)ing down of the Economic growth. As a consequence operate and maintenance costs were also went high, that would include the supplies and materials, labor costs as well as the administrative expenditures. Therefore costs per kilowatt-hour rose higher, and the increasing price of electricity led to a decline in the sales growth. Further with the increase in the nuclear power and coal power plants the industries financial full term was at a set back.To add to the worries, escalation of the interest rates due to acceleration of inflation has occurred. In that decade, it was felt by most of the people that coal and nuclear power plants can be minus the environment, and argument for the development of new means that can be aiding in the protection of the environment. New environmental and safety regulations were also implemented by the federal government increasing the utility costs to a further extent, also requiring utilities for the purchasing of alternative en ergy sources like that of the solar energy.In the late 1970s the schema of the grow and build for the electric power industry was not plausible as adoption many different strategies has been taken up by the industry, different sections following different tracks based on differing views about the future. Percepting that the economic growth would recover and the renewable energy sources would not be able to meet the needs of the increasing demand, many utilities such as Commonwealth Edison, Carolina Power and Light, Long Island Lighting, etc were followed with the modification of the grow and build strategy.Whereas some other utilities like Duke Power, Potomac Electric Power, Consolidated Edison, which were located in declining demands of energy countries, preferred the capital minimization. Whereas utilities such as Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric that were present in the areas with rapid increase in the demand for the for the energy, were left with no choi ce except depending on their internal R&D potentials for the exploration of the alternative energy sources as the construction of the nuclear and coal plants was depressed by the set of laws.The diversification of the utilities helps them in the freedom in getting profits. Harnessing of the solar energy The origin of primary energy sources, with the exception of nuclear energy, can be attributed to the ultimate source, the sun. From the sign stages of man on the earth, he has started to use his natural surroundings after a thorough analyzing of it and he is progressing the utilization along with the developmental progress. It was observed in the year 1839, by French physicist Alexander Edmond Becquerel that certain materials could produce electricity when light falls on them, which was termed as photovoltaic effect.After the discovery of this effect, so many substances were studied until the final development of the Solar cell. In solar photovoltaic system, solar energy is converte d directly into electricity by means of silicon wafer photoelectric cells known as solar cells. Solar cells have also been made from polycrystalline silicon wafers as also amorphous silicon films. The advantages of photovoltaic technology such as the ease of operation, reli faculty, minimum maintenance due to lack of moving parts, have been widely recognized.Thus PV systems are suitable for installation in rural areas and isolated locations for a variety of applications such as water pumping for micro irrigation and drinking water supply, community and street lighting, power supplies for microwave repeater station, communications equipment, receiving set and T. V. receivers. Impact Passing of the National Aeronautics and Space Act in July 1958 by the U. S. Congress has disposed(p) a boost to the astronomy. Which will need a key source of power that can last for a longer duration resulting in the launching of the first photovoltaic-powered satellite of the world i.e. Vanguard 1, so lar cell technology got a breakthrough as the success has paved way for larger contracts from NASA as well as expansion of the photovoltaic industry. Finally, hundreds of thousands of solar cells were produced each year by about 4 U. S. companies in the end of 1960s, most assigned for the developing satellite industry. Increase in cell efficiency as well as reductions in cost are the great Achievements in solar cell development during the development of the space programs, but much was desired fro the applications on the earth.Due to the rise of the oil prices in the mid-1970s led to Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program by the funding of U. S. Department of Energy that resulted in the testing of many solar power systems. whiz of the worlds first photovoltaic residences that were named as Solar One was built by the University of Delaware in the year 1973. Apart from the photovoltaic technology there was also growth in the investigations of other solar energy alternatives such as transferring of the solar heat into fluid, which can be used for warming of the buildings, heating the water, and even generation of electricity?Key elements of a renewable-intensive energy future 1. There would be diversity of energy sources. Electricity is produced with many combinations. 2. Biomass would be widely used. 3. With the new electrical storage technologies the intermittent renewable would provide one-third of total electricity. 4. This will introduce new choices and aspiration in energy markets. 5. Natural gas would play a major role which have low capital costs and can quickly adjust their electrical outputs. Policy initiatives 1. Subsidies should be removed or else they should equalize with the renewable sources.2. Taxes should ensure that consumer decisions are based on the full cost of energy. 3. Creation of field institutions to implement renewable energy programs. 4. International funds for energy sector should be diverted to renewable mechanisms. Good poli cy initiative will encourage the transition more quickly which is certain. Future of energy with alternate energy The traditional sources almost entered the point of saturation. There are predictions saying that oil will get exhausted with in another 50-100 years. So the viable option left is the alternate energy.The initial investment will be more but returns will be for prolonged period. Most of the alternate energy sources are from nature itself and there wont be unnecessary interference of other countries. It is very difficult to comply up with the terms and conditions of the oil producing countries. While using the alternate energy sources we can protect our sovereignty of the nations and can minimize wars for oil and also the oil politics of the world can get marginalized. Initially the solar-electric modules were costly. The technological advancement made these cost effective.The average captured energy with photovoltaic was 95 US cents per kilowatt-hour but now it came down to 20 cents per kilowatt-hour. It is still more than the average national price of electricity which is 8 cents. Thin film photovoltaic technology, a high-tech coating which is having ability to convert the solar energy is one of the recent technological development. Now these solar unit power is used every where right from the small houses to the large office buildings. Residential usage of energy will increase by 25% by 2025, so we should be in a position to have an alternate which is permanent and cost effective.As the size of the alternate energy equipment is less than the conventional set up. This helps each and every individual have his own setup. The alternate energy utilization is the need of hour and we cannot put this out. In every transition there will be pain but this will results in large number of benefits in the future. References 1. Sara Wyant, 25x25 building a renewable energy future. Resource Engineering & engineering for a Sustainable World 13. 5 (June-July 2006) p4(1). 2. Marcus, Alfred A. Electric utilities. Environmental Encyclopedia. Ed. Marci Bortman and Peter Brimblecombe.3rd ed. Detroit Gale, 2003. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 08 January 2008, Retrieved on 15 Jan, 2008 from 3. Harnessing Solar Power and Earths Renewable Energy Sources. Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 7. Detroit Gale Group, 2001. Science Resource Center. Thomson Gale. 08 January 2008, Retrieved on 15 Jan, 2008 from http//galenet. galegroup. com. ezproxy. umuc. edu/servlet/SciRC? ste=1&docNum=CV2643450807 4. Is Ethanol/ E85 Fuel the Solution?July 26, 2006, Retrieved on 15 Jan,2008 from 5. Renewable energy sources for fuels and electricity, doubting Thomas B. Johanson, Laurie, Island Press, 1993. 6. 5. The future of Alternative Energy, Cameron Walker, National Geographic News, October 28,2004. Retrieved on 15 Jan,2008 from http//news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2004/10/1028_041028_alternative_energy. html. 7. Jeffrey Yago, (1 998), Solar-powered refrigerators, Backwoods house Magazine, Retrieved on 15 Jan,2008 from http//www. backwoodshome. com/articles2/yago102. html